buy custom Nghe an Tate Lyle Sugar Co essay

purchase custom Nghe a Tate Lyle Sugar Co exposition I think that its intriguing that Nghe a Tate Lyle Sugar Co. needed to put more than 90 million dollars in a socialist administered nation that had just contributed more than 1 billion dollars for the past a long time (since 1995) on processing limit on the still temperamental sugar stick industry in 1998. The hazard presentation of contributing to the size of 10% limit on a flimsy industry in a socialist nation (Vietnam) is preposterous. The way that Nghe a Tate Lyle Sugar Co. needed to focus on a 90 million dollar plant with a half advance beginning up capital from universal fund enterprise in farming branch, when a lion's share of existing factories in Vietnam began by government sponsored credit terms, framework appropriations and other simple credit offices were as yet unfit to meet the premium installments with others incapable to remain monetarily dissolvable and needed to ofer lower costs for stick. A larger part of plants couldn't pull in enough stick to be suitable. It is unbelievable that, Nghe a Tate Lyle Sugar Co. needed to follow the equivalent bombed idea. The market condition was unsatisfactory for business at the time of Nghe a Tate Lyle Sugar Co. Venture interests, in light of the fact that the imports were half to 70% less expensive than privately created sugar, making Vietnam a practically deficient sugar creation nation. Pirating of imports was additionally at its stature making the speculation condition hugely ugly. Social returns vary from private returns in that social returns is the social effect of the private speculation on the network at a social level, for instance, formation of occupations, foundation advancement, social courtesies and other general effects. Private returns are the focal points procured by the financial specialist, for instance, more extensive markets, proficient and successful creation and better benefits to the venture organization. (Esty B.C, 2004) Social returns and private returns are basic to survey by privately owned businesses trying to put resources into a district to gauge the reasonability of putting resources into that region. Ordinarily evaluated by all association engaged with the speculation in order to guarantee the venture is reasonable for all gatherings. for example The organization contributing, and the area of enthusiasm, for instance, in this situation Nghe a Tate Lyle Sugar Co. had mentioned an advance from global fund company, and before worldwide account organization could allow the advance they needed to survey (both Social returns and private returns) the effect of the speculation by Nghe a Tate Lyle Sugar Co. on the area. The primary partners were Henry Tate, Abram Lyle and International Finance Corporation. (Distributing, W. S, 2008) Purchase custom Nghe a Tate and Lyle Sugar Co paper

Macroeconomics Assignments & Disscussions Assignment - 1

Macroeconomics Assignments and Disscussions - Assignment Example Two years before Pearl Harbor, the United States was an unbiased nation, which means it would not like to be associated with the war since the nation was all the while recuperating from the impacts of the Great Depression. In any case, after Pearl Harbor, President Franklin Roosevelt looked for motivation to enter the war. The president said that the best way to battle was to deliver weapons and materials for war. This prompted monetary exercises in the once sluggish towns of the U.S. which had been hard hit by the Great Depression (â€Å"PBS.org: War Production† standard. 1). Creation of war material, for example, airplane and plane carrying warships, cannons pieces, tanks and a huge number of armed force trucks set off the development of the American economy. The United States produced a larger number of firearms and boats than Europe and Japan. The US needed to move from assembling rural items to war material (â€Å"PBS.org: War Production† standard. 4). This is a report of the U.S. Total national output (GDP) for the second quarter of 2014 which has enlisted at $17,311,300,000,000. Gross domestic product, the article clarifies, is the gross financial yield of the nation, which may incorporate merchandise and enterprises. Gross domestic product is a financial measure which tells whether the economy is doing fine or not great. The article likewise clarifies about ostensible according to genuine GDP. Ostensible GDP gives data about financial yield, with some quarterly yield insights however with no expansion estimation, and is likewise utilized for U.S. obligation examination. Obligation to-GDP proportion, which has been determined at 102%, is a significant piece of the ostensible GDP report. Then again, the U.S. per capita for 2013, a monetary marker for each American in the U.S., was assessed at $52,800. The article unmistakably clarifies the measure of GDP the nation accomplished for the second quarter which is more than $17 trillion, yet just for the second quarter of this current year. It doesn't just give news about GDP however it additionally clarifies about the U.S. monetary yield. The

How Long Should My Novel Be

How Long Should My Novel Be This question is often asked by first-time novelists, but before we delve into suggested word counts for novels and other genres, take a minute to consider these facts:Victor Hugos beloved classic, Les Misérables, was 420,000 words long, while Ernest Hemingways The Old Man and the Sea had just 26,000 words. Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 contained 46,118 words, while John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath had 169,481 words. What do these numbers tell you?Word count expectations can varyAs you can see, the word count of great literature from the past is widely different, depending on the novel. And even today, there are outliers to the word count average or norm that is expected (J.K. Rowlings books, for example).There are, however, some general rules and expectations that are put out by various organizations or publishers. For example, The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America offers these suggested lengths for its Nebula award categories:Novelâ€"40,000 words or overNovellaâ€"17 ,500 to 39,999 wordsNoveletteâ€"7,500 to 17,499 wordsShort storyâ€"under 7,500 wordsAuthor Chuck Sambuchino says between 80,000 and 89,999 words is a good range for literary, mainstream, womens, romance, mystery, suspense, thriller and horror. He writes, Anything in this word count wont scare off any agent anywhere.Jane Smiley, author of 13 Ways of Looking at the Novel suggests that the sweet spot of novel length is between 100,000 and 175,000 words.Word counts broken down by genreAnne R. Allens blog, voted as one of the 101 Best Websites for Writers by Writers Digest, suggests the following word counts based on debut fiction. She breaks it down by genre to create even more specific guidelines.Picture Booksâ€"text: 500-1000 words (32 pages is ideal.)Middle Grade fictionâ€"20,000 to 40,000. Upper Middle Grade can be a bit longer.Young Adult fictionâ€"25,000 to 80,000.Chick Litâ€"60,000-75,000.Cozy Mysteriesâ€"55,000-70,000. *The author notes that Agatha Christies mysteries tend to be around 40,000.Fantasyâ€"90,000-110,000.Historical fictionâ€"80,000 to 110,000+.Literary fictionâ€"65,000 to 100,000,*The author notes that publishers are trending away from the higher numbers, preferring Spare and elegant.Standard Mysteries and Crime Fictionâ€"70,000 to 100,000.Romanceâ€"55,000 to 75,000.Science Fictionâ€"75,000 to 100,000.Thrillersâ€"80,0000 to 100,000.Urban Fantasy / Paranormal Romanceâ€"70,000 to 90,000.Westernsâ€"50,000 to 80,000.Womens Fictionâ€"70,000 to 100,000.A final wordAs you can see, word count averages and expectations will vary, depending on the type of novel you are writing and the genre into which it fits. These guidelines suggested by online resources will certainly have outliers and are by no means set in stone. However, if your debut novel veers outside of them, it might be a good idea to hire an editor to see if there are sections that could be cut to bring word count back into normal paremeters.

Fruits Japanese Vocabulary

Fruits are an important part of both the diet and the culture in Japan. For example,  Obon  is one of the most important  Japanese holidays. People believe that their ancestors spirits come back to their homes to be reunited with their family during this time. In preparation for Obon, Japanese people also clean their houses and place a variety of fruits and  vegetables  in front of  butsudan (Buddhist altars) to nourish the spirits of their ancestors. Knowing how to say the name of fruits and write them is an important part of learning Japanese. The tables present the names of the fruits in English, the transliteration in Japanese, and the word written in Japanese lettering. Though there are no strict rules, some of the names of fruits are commonly written in katakana. Click each link to bring up a sound file and hear how to pronounce the word for each fruit. Native Fruits The fruits listed in this section are, of course, also grown in many other countries. But, Japanese growers do produce  native varieties  of these fruits, according to Alicia Joy, writing on the website, the  Culture Trip, who notes: Almost all Japanese fruits are cultivated as both generic and affordable types alongside their luxurious and pricey counterparts. A few of these fruits are native to Japan, and some were imported, but it’s safe to say that all of them have been cultivated in some way to be purely Japanese.​ So its important to learn how to pronounce and write the names of these varieties. Fruit(s) kudamono æžÅ"ç‰ © Persimmon kaki æŸ ¿ Melon meron ãÆ' ¡Ã£Æ' ­Ã£Æ' ³ Japanese Orange mikan 㠁 ¿Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€œ Peach momo æ ¡Æ' Pear nashi 㠁 ªÃ£ â€" Plum ume æ ¢â€¦ Adopted Japanese Words Japan has adapted the names of some fruits grown in other parts of the world. But, the Japanese language  has no sound or letter for l.  Japanese does have an r sound, but it is different from the English r. Still, fruits that Japan imports from the West are pronounced using the Japanese language version of r, as the table in this section shows. Other fruits, such as banana, are literally transliterated into a Japanese word. The Japanse word for melon is repeated here to illustrate the point. Fruit(s) kudamono æžÅ"ç‰ © Banana banana ãÆ' Ã£Æ'ŠãÆ'Å  Melon meron ãÆ' ¡Ã£Æ' ­Ã£Æ' ³ Orange orenji ã‚ ªÃ£Æ' ¬Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¸ Lemon remon ãÆ' ¬Ã£Æ' ¢Ã£Æ' ³ Other Popular Fruits Of course, a variety of other fruits are popular in Japan. Take a few moments to learn how to pronounce the names of these fruits too. Japan does grow some varieties of apples—the Fuji, for example, was developed in Japan in the 1930s and not introduced to the U.S. until the 1960s—but it also imports many others. Learn these fruits and then enjoy sampling the wide variety available in Japan as you speak about them knowledgeably with Japanese speakers. Or as the Japanese would say: Nihon no kudamono o o tanoshimi kudasai. (æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£  ®Ã¦Å¾Å"ç‰ ©Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£ Å Ã¦ ¥ ½Ã£ â€"㠁 ¿Ã£  Ã£   Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š) Enjoy sampling the fruits in Japan. Fruit(s) kudamono æžÅ"ç‰ © Apricot anzu æ   Grapes budou 㠁 ¶Ã£  ©Ã£ â€  Strawberry ichigo 㠁„㠁 ¡Ã£ â€ Fig ichijiku 㠁„㠁 ¡Ã£ ËœÃ£   Apple ringo りん㠁” Cherry sakuranbo 㠁•ã  Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¼ Watermelon suika ã‚ ¹Ã£â€š ¤Ã£â€š «

Accelerated Science Program Helps Adult Students Find Healthcare Jobs Faster

The older we get, the more aware we become of time remaining. We tend to become more efficient because there is less time to waste, less time to spend doing something we either a) dont want to do, or b) are capable of doing faster. If youre in the medical field, or want to be, and the above sounds like you, the Integrated Science Program (ISP) from Lifelong Learning Institute might be right for you. In a nutshell, the program focuses on one science for a full month, and then moves on to the next subject. So rather than taking four subjects at the same time for a full semester, you immerse yourself in just one subject--focused attention on one topic. At Southern California University of Health Sciences (SCU), for example, the ISP format involves face-to-face, full-day classroom time on Saturdays and Sundays, web-based learning from home during the week, and weekly tests. Its designed especially for adult students who work. With this format, theyre able to attend classes on weekends and fit the self-study portion of the class, which includes online discussion forums, into their lives whenever they can on weekdays. At SCU, the following courses are available in the ISP format: Biochemistry LabChemistry for Allied Health Professionals (Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry combined) Lab)General Chemistry 1 2 LabHuman Anatomy and Physiology 1 2 LabHuman Biology 1 2 LabMicrobiology LabOrganic Chemistry 1 2 LabPhysics 1 2 Lab Most ISP students at SCU are working toward completing science prerequisites for health science degrees for use in the following careers: ChiropracticDentistry and Dental HygieneMedicineNursing (LPN, LVN, CNA, ADN, RN, BSN, MS, PhD)OptometryOsteopathic MedicinePharmacyPhysician AssistantPhysical TherapyPodiatric MedicineVeterinary Medicine The ISP brochure from SCU states: Immersion learning enables ISP students to easily remember the earliest lessons of the curriculum throughout the entire duration of the course. ISP students report that never before have they grasped and retained the concepts of basic sciences so completely. The accelerated format is equal to the same credit hours as traditional semester-long programs, providing nontraditional students with one more option for fitting school into their already busy lives. If youre unsure about whether or not this kind of program is right for you, plan to attend one of the monthly open houses held on Saturdays in both Los Angeles and San Francisco. Youll also find the FAQ page helpful in answering questions you have, and theres a webinar you can take that explains everything about the Integrated Science Program, including how to apply. Testimonials are also helpful when youre trying to decide on an unconventional form of study. Be sure to read what other students have said about their success with the program. Allen Grove, Abouts Expert on College Admissions, has a nice profile on Southern California University, including info about the test scores youll need to get in, the number of applicants generally accepted, enrollment numbers, costs, financial aid available, most popular majors, transfer, graduation, and retention rates, and the schools mission statement. Thats a whole lot of info in one spot. Related science topics at About.com: BiologyChemistryHealthMathematicsPhysics

The Case Of John And Carmen Essay - 1478 Words

UNIT 9: The Case of John and Carmen The case being presented is John and Carmen. The two of the are getting married and have reached our for premarital counseling to help with some current issues regarding to their in laws meddling into their relationship which is caused a strain between the two of them. John has come from an upper middle class African American family. John’s parents are not pleased that John is not going to be readily available to his brother and cousins. John’s parents contributed Carmen as the problem. Carmen has come from a Puerto Rican family that is strict on their religious beliefs. Carmen’s parents are concerned that she is marrying someone out their religious beliefs. Carmen has expressed to John that she would like him to convert. John is not receptive to this suggestion and does not feel that would make her parents like him anymore. The couple would like to be able to address these issues and do what is best for their future life together. The presenting problem of this couple is allowing outside influences interfere with the couples future together. The couple has not been able to set up boundaries and limits with their extended family so that they cannot dictate or influence how John and Carmen begin their future together. The premarital counselor has asked the couple to take the online RELATE assessment before them come into the first meeting. The counselor chose the RELATE assessment so that they could do it on their own timeShow MoreRelatedParole Is The Release Of A Convicted Offender1230 Words   |  5 PagesParole is the release of a convicted offender after he or she has completed a portion of his or her prison sentence (Alarid Del Carmen, 2012). Probation is a form of sentence for violating the law, which suspends the convicted offender’s sentence for a period of time and releases the offender back into the community under specific conditions (Alarid Del Carmen, 2012). The start of probation can be linked to England’s criminal law. During Henry VIII’s time, harsh sanctions were placed on adultsRead MoreThe Role And Image Of Women1369 Words   |  6 Pagesjust as deserving of their individual rights as men. This change would go beyond the political sphere and mainstream pop culture would also begin to show clear depictions of Spanish women transitioning into their new, independent role in society. Carmen Maura is a Spanish actress that was heavily involved in portraying the transitioning Spanish woman during the later stages of the transitional period and beyond. Particularly, her roles as Pepa in Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (1988) andRead MoreEssay on Legal Writing Graded Project 11335 Words   |  6 Pagesyou to arrive at the County Office Building at 10:25 a.m. with all of the pictures you have of the comparable houses in your area. If you have aby further questions, please do not hesitate to call our office. Very truly yours, Carmen Bentley, legal assistant Carmen Bentley cc: Eliza Smith Exercise 2 THIS DEED Made the 8th day of November, in the year of Two Thousand and Fifteen (2015) Between Jane P. Smith, of the Township of Clark. Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, hereinafter referredRead MoreInsanity Plea Essay example1098 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Hinckley’s trial ended in 1982 with the verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity. About a year before, Hinckley shot Ronald Reagan because he was infatuated with the famous actress Jodie Foster. He thought shooting Reagan would impress her and lead her to fall in love with him. After the verdict was announced, the public responded with dismay because they felt as though Hinckley should pay for what he had done. Following the uproar, the United States revised and limited the insanity pleaRead MoreCoca Cola And The Largest Distribution System1635 Words   |  7 Pagesproducts to customers. [Coca-Cola Company. (2010)] Coca Cola Company was established by a pharmacist named ‘John Stith Pemberton’ in 1886 in Columbus with the main headquarters to be situated in Atlanta, Georgia. John Stith is the owner of the five largest non – alcoholic sparkling brands worldwide namely Coca Cola, Diet Coke, Coca-Cola Zero, Sprite and Fanda. Read MoreApplying Public Health Principles For The Hiv Epidemic923 Words   |  4 Pageswill help stopped this epidemic from spreading even more. This article also talks about the ways HV is transmitted and what can we do to protect ourselves from this virus. It took two decades for the United States to figure out a plan to report HIV cases. Now the best thing we can do is come up with a plan to make people aware of this virus so that it will not kill thousands of people in the next decade. We should improve the community and counseling of individual patients to prevent transmission.Read MoreThe Crime On Cote Des Neiges By David Montrose952 Words   |  4 Pagesin The Crime on Cote Des Neiges. The story li ne revolves around Private Investigator Russell Teed, the narration from his point of view throughout the story allows us to know what Teed is thinking and how he can get one step closer on closing this case. The insight of Teed’s thoughts and actions allows the reader a chance to further understand the main character as well as create a suspenseful atmosphere, allowing them to wonder which moves to follow or anticipate. Take for instance, when Teed followsRead MoreGoogle: Culture and Communication Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesCulture and Communication Victor L. Henry COM/530 Communications for Accountants June 7, 2010 Carmen Andia Abstract Google is the leader in providing multiple forms of data access on the Internet. Information for many sources can be found at the click of a mouse. To archive and disseminate information, Google maintains an open organizational culture that allows sharing of data within the company to be quick, easy, and concise. Even when communication conflicts arise within the companyRead MoreEssay about Cyber Bullying and Hate Speech1161 Words   |  5 PagesA younger generation are drawn to social media and have the ability to connect to friend and (perhaps) foes. Kids may take to the web to seek out justice after being wronged by a friend, but what are the rules for web based threats and ugly words? Cases have been made of kids lashing out on teachers and peers by creating hate groups and posting comments voicing their strong opinions. While many kids feel this is a harmless act that could be compared to griping about another student or teacher duringRead MoreCoca Cola And The Largest Distrib ution System1602 Words   |  7 Pagesdistribution system in the world which gives the company the ability to serve daily more than 1 billion of its products to customers. Coca Cola Company was established by a pharmacist named ‘John Stith Pemberton’ in 1886 in Columbus with the main headquarters to be situated in Atlanta, Georgia. John Stith is the owner of the five largest non – alcoholic sparkling brands worldwide namely Coca Cola, Diet Coke, Coca-Cola Zero, Sprite and Fanda.

The Social Responsibility of Business to Increase Its Profit free essay sample

Respond to the position made by Milton Freedman on corporate social responsibility at this site (if this does not connect directly please  copy and past on a separate web page on the URL line): http://www. ethicsinbusiness. net/case-studies/the-social-responsibility-of-business-is-to-increase-its-profits/ Do you agree or disagree with Friedmans position? Why? What is most positive about his position? What is most negative about his position? This was written in 1970, does it apply in todays global/high tech  economy? Why or why not? The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits * An Executive Summary – The Social Responsibility of Business it to Increase its Profits The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits by Milton Friedman The New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970. Copyright @ 1970 by The New York Times Company. When I hear businessmen speak eloquently about the â€Å"social responsibilities of business in a free-enterprise system,† I am reminded of the wonderful line about the Frenchman who discovered at the age of 70 that he had been speaking prose all his life. The businessmen believe that they are defending free en ­terprise when they declaim that business is not concerned â€Å"merely† with profit but also with promoting desirable â€Å"social† ends; that business has a â€Å"social conscience† and takes seriously its responsibilities for providing em ­ployment, eliminating discrimination, avoid ­ing pollution and whatever else may be the catchwords of the contemporary crop of re ­formers. In fact they are–or would be if they or anyone else took them seriously–preach ­ing pure and unadulterated socialism. Busi ­nessmen who talk this way are unwitting pup ­pets of the intellectual forces that have been undermining the basis of a free society these past decades. The discussions of the â€Å"social responsibili ­ties of business† are notable for their analytical looseness and lack of rigor. What does it mean to say that â€Å"business† has responsibilities? Only people can have responsibilities. A corporation is an artificial person and in this sense may have artificial responsibilities, but â€Å"business† as a whole cannot be said to have responsibilities, even in this vague sense. The first step toward clarity in examining the doctrine of the social responsibility of business is to ask precisely what it implies for whom. Presumably, the individuals who are to be responsible are businessmen, which means in ­dividual proprietors or corporate executives. Most of the discussion of social responsibility is directed at corporations, so in what follows I shall mostly neglect the individual proprietors and speak of corporate executives. In a free-enterprise, private-property sys ­tem, a corporate executive is an employee of the owners of the business. He has direct re ­sponsibility to his employers. That responsi ­bility is to conduct the business in accordance with their desires, which generally will be to make as much money as possible while con ­forming to the basic rules of the society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom. Of course, in some cases his employers may have a different objective. A group of persons might establish a corporation for an eleemosynary purpose–for exam ­ple, a hospital or a school. The manager of such a corporation will not have money profit as his objective but the rendering of certain services. In either case, the key point is that, in his capacity as a corporate executive, the manager is the agent of the individuals who own the corporation or establish the eleemosynary institution, and his primary responsibility is to them. Needless to say, this does not mean that it is easy to judge how well he is performing his task. But at least the criterion of performance is straightforward, and the persons among whom a voluntary contractual arrangement exists are clearly defined. Of course, the corporate executive is also a person in his own right. As a person, he may have many other responsibilities that he rec ­ognizes or assumes voluntarily–to his family, his conscience, his feelings of charity, his church, his clubs, his city, his country. He ma}. feel impelled by these responsibilities to de ­vote part of his income to causes he regards as worthy, to refuse to work for particular corpo ­rations, even to leave his job, for example, to join his country’s armed forces. Ifwe wish, we may refer to some of these responsibilities as â€Å"social responsibilities. But in these respects he is acting as a principal, not an agent; he is spending his own money or time or energy, not the money of his employers or the time or energy he has contracted to devote to their purposes. If these are â€Å"social responsibili ­ties,† they are the social responsibilities of in ­dividuals, not of business. What does it mean to say that the corpo ­rate executive has a â€Å"social responsibility† in his capa city as businessman? If this statement is not pure rhetoric, it must mean that he is to act in some way that is not in the interest of his employers. For example, that he is to refrain from increasing the price of the product in order to contribute to the social objective of preventing inflation, even though a price in crease would be in the best interests of the corporation. Or that he is to make expendi ­tures on reducing pollution beyond the amount that is in the best interests of the cor ­poration or that is required by law in order to contribute to the social objective of improving the environment. Or that, at the expense of corporate profits, he is to hire â€Å"hardcore† un ­employed instead of better qualified available workmen to contribute to the social objective of reducing poverty. In each of these cases, the corporate exec ­utive would be spending someone else’s money for a general social interest. Insofar as his actions in accord with his â€Å"social responsi ­bility† reduce returns to stockholders, he is spending their money. Insofar as his actions raise the price to customers, he is spending the customers’ money. Insofar as his actions lower the wages of some employees, he is spending their money. The stockholders or the customers or the employees could separately spend their own money on the particular action if they wished to do so. The executive is exercising a distinct â€Å"social responsibility,† rather than serving as an agent of the stockholders or the customers or the employees, only if he spends the money in a different way than they would have spent it. But if he does this, he is in effect imposing taxes, on the one hand, and deciding how the tax proceeds shall be spent, on the other. This process raises political questions on two levels: principle and consequences. On the level of political principle, the imposition of taxes and the expenditure of tax proceeds are gov ­ernmental functions. We have established elab ­orate constitutional, parliamentary and judicial provisions to control these functions, to assure that taxes are imposed so far as possible in ac ­cordance with the preferences and desires of the public–after all, â€Å"taxation without repre ­sentation† was one of the battle cries of the American Revolution. We have a system of checks and balances to separate the legisla ­tive function of imposing taxes and enacting expenditures from the executive function of collecting taxes and administering expendi ­ture programs and from the judicial function of mediating disputes and interpreting the law. Here the businessman–self-selected or appointed directly or indirectly by stockhold ­ers–is to be simultaneously legislator, execu ­tive and, jurist. He is to decide whom to tax by how much and for what purpose, and he is to spend the proceeds–all this guided only by general exhortations from on high to restrain inflation, improve the environment, fight poverty and so on and on. The whole justification for permitting the corporate executive to be selected by the stockholders is that the executive is an agent serving the interests of his principal. This jus ­tification disappears when the corporate ex ­ecutive imposes taxes and spends the pro ­ceeds for â€Å"social† purposes. He becomes in effect a public employee, a civil servant, even though he remains in name an employee of a private enterprise. On grounds of political principle, it is intolerable that such civil ser ­vants–insofar as their actions in the name of social responsibility are real and not just win ­dow-dressing–should be selected as they are now. If they are to be civil servants, then they must be elected through a political process. If they are to impose taxes and make expendi ­tures to foster â€Å"social† objectives, then politi ­cal machinery must be set up to make the as ­sessment of taxes and to determine through a political process the objectives to be served. This is the basic reason why the doctrine of â€Å"social responsibility† involves the acceptance of the socialist view that political mechanisms, not market mechanisms, are the appropriate way to determine the allocation of scarce re ­sources to alternative uses. On the grounds of consequences, can the corporate executive in fact discharge his al ­leged â€Å"social responsibilities? † On the other hand, suppose he could get away with spending the stockholders’ or customers’ or employees’ money. How is he to know how to spend it? He is told that he must contribute to fighting inflation. How is he to know what ac ­tion of his will contribute to that end? He is presumably an expert in running his company–in producing a product or selling it or financing it. But nothing about his selection makes him an expert on inflation. Will his hold ­ ing down the price of his product reduce infla ­tionary pressure? Or, by leaving more spending power in the hands of his customers, simply divert it elsewhere? Or, by forcing him to produce less because of the lower price, will it simply contribute to shortages? Even if he could an ­swer these questions, how much cost is he justi ­fied in imposing on his stockholders, customers and employees for this social purpose? What is his appropriate share and what is the appropri ­ate share of others? And, whether he wants to or not, can he get away with spending his stockholders’, cus ­tomers’ or employees’ money? Will not the stockholders fire him? (Either the present ones or those who take over when his actions in the name of social responsibility have re ­duced the corporation’s profits and the price of its stock. ) His customers and his employees can desert him for other producers and em ­ployers less scrupulous in exercising their so ­cial responsibilities. This facet of â€Å"social responsibility† doc ­ trine is brought into sharp relief when the doctrine is used to justify wage restraint by trade unions. The conflict of interest is naked and clear when union officials are asked to subordinate the interest of their members to some more general purpose. If the union offi ­cials try to enforce wage restraint, the consequence is likely to be wildcat strikes, rank ­-and-file revolts and the emergence of strong competitors for their jobs. We thus have the ironic phenomenon that union leaders–at least in the U. S. –have objected to Govern ­ment interference with the market far more consistently and courageously than have business leaders. The difficulty of exercising â€Å"social responsibility† illustrates, of course, the great virtue of private competitive enterprise–it forces people to be responsible for their own actions and makes it difficult for them to â€Å"exploit† other people for either selfish or unselfish purposes. They can do good–but only at their own expense. Many a reader who has followed the argu ­ment this far may be tempted to remonstrate that it is all well and good to speak of Government’s having the responsibility to im ­pose taxes and determine expenditures for such â€Å"social† purposes as controlling pollu ­tion or training the hard-core unemployed, but that the problems are too urgent to wait on the slow course of political processes, that the exercise of social responsibility by busi ­nessmen is a quicker and surer way to solve pressing current problems. Aside from the question of fact–I share Adam Smith’s skepticism about the benefits that can be expected from â€Å"those who affected to trade for the public good†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthis argument must be rejected on grounds of principle. What it amounts to is an assertion that those who favor the taxes and expenditures in question have failed to persuade a majority of their fellow citizens to be of like mind and that they are seeking to attain by undemocratic procedures what they cannot attain by democratic proce ­dures. In a free society, it is hard for â€Å"evil† people to do â€Å"evil,† especially since one an’s good is another’s evil. I have, for simplicity, concentrated on the special case of the corporate executive, ex ­cept only for the brief digression on trade unions. But precisely the same argument ap ­plies to the newer phenomenon of calling upon stockholders to require corporations to exercise social responsibility (the recent G. M crusade for example). In most of these cases, what is in effect involved is some stockholders trying to get other stockholders (or customers or employees) to contribute against their will to â€Å"social† causes favored by the activists. In ­sofar as they succeed, they are again imposing taxes and spending the proceeds. The situation of the individual proprietor is somewhat different. If he acts to reduce the returns of his enterprise in order to exercise his â€Å"social responsibility,† he is spending his own money, not someone else’s. If he wishes to spend his money on such purposes, that is his right, and I cannot see that there is any ob ­jection to his doing so. In the process, he, too, may impose costs on employees and cus ­tomers. However, because he is far less likely than a large corporation or union to have mo ­nopolistic power, any such side effects will tend to be minor. Of course, in practice the doctrine of social responsibility is frequently a cloak for actions that are justified on other grounds rather than a reason for those actions. To illustrate, it may well be in the long run interest of a corporation that is a major employer in a small community to devote resources to providing amenities to that community or to improving its government. That may make it easier to attract desirable employees, it may reduce the wage bill or lessen losses from pilferage and sabotage or have other worthwhile effects. Or it may be that, given the laws about the deductibility of corporate charitable contributions, the stockholders can contribute more to chari ­ties they favor by having the corporation make the gift than by doing it themselves, since they can in that way contribute an amount that would otherwise have been paid as corporate taxes. In each of these–and many similar–cases, there is a strong temptation to rationalize these actions as an exercise of â€Å"social responsibility. † In the present climate of opinion, with its wide spread aversion to â€Å"capitalism,† â€Å"profits,† the â€Å"soulless corporation† and so on, this is one way for a corporation to generate goodwill as a by-product of expenditures that are entirely justified in its own self-interest. It would be inconsistent of me to call on corporate executives to refrain from this yp ­ocritical window-dressing because it harms the foundations of a free society. That would be to call on them to exercise a â€Å"social re ­sponsibility†! If our institutions, and the atti ­tudes of the public make it in their self-inter ­est to cloak their actions in this way, I cannot summon much indignation to denounce them. At the same time, I can express admiration for those individual proprietors or owners of closely held corporations or stockholders of more broadly held corporations who disdain such tactics as approaching fraud. Whether blameworthy or not, the use of the cloak of social responsibility, and the nonsense spoken in its name by influential and presti ­gious businessmen, does clearly harm the foun ­dations of a free society. I have been impressed time and again by the schizophrenic character of many businessmen. They are capable of being extremely farsighted and clearheaded in matters that are internal to their businesses. They are incredibly shortsighted and muddle ­headed in matters that are outside their businesses but affect the possible survival of busi ­ness in general. This shortsightedness is strikingly exemplified in the calls from many businessmen for wage and price guidelines or controls or income policies. There is nothing that could do more in a brief period to destroy a market system and replace it by a centrally con ­trolled system than effective governmental con ­trol of prices and wages. The shortsightedness is also exemplified in speeches by businessmen on social respon ­sibility. This may gain them kudos in the short run. But it helps to strengthen the already too prevalent view that the pursuit of profits is wicked and immoral and must be curbed and controlled by external forces. Once this view is adopted, the external forces that curb the market will not be the social consciences, however highly developed, of the pontificating executives; it will be the iron fist of Government bureaucrats. Here, as with price and wage controls, businessmen seem to me to reveal a suicidal impulse. The political principle that underlies the market mechanism is unanimity. In an ideal free market resting on private property, no individual can coerce any other, all coopera ­tion is voluntary, all parties to such coopera ­tion benefit or they need not participate. There are no values, no â€Å"social† responsibilities in any sense other than the shared values and responsibilities of individuals. Society is a collection of individuals and of the various groups they voluntarily form. The political principle that underlies the political mechanism is conformity. The indi ­vidual must serve a more general social inter ­est–whether that be determined by a church or a dictator or a majority. The individual may have a vote and say in what is to be done, but if he is overruled, he must conform. It is appropriate for some to require others to contribute to a general social purpose whether they wish to or not. Unfortunately, unanimity is not always feasi ­ble. There are some respects in which conformity appears unavoidable, so I do not see how one can avoid the use of the political mecha ­nism altogether. But the doctrine of â€Å"social responsibility† taken seriously would extend the scope of the political mechanism to every human activity. It does not differ in philosophy from the most explicitly collectivist doctrine. It differs only by professing to believe that collectivist ends can be attained without collectivist means. That is why, in my book Capitalism and Freedom, I have called it a â€Å"fundamentally subversive doctrine† in a free society, and have said that in such a society, â€Å"there is one and only one social responsibility of business–to use it resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud. †